Anesthetic management in intrauterine surgery to evaluate an experimental model of myelomeningocele in non human primates (Macaca mulatta) / Anestesia em cirurgia intra-uterina para avaliar um modelo experimental de mielomeningocele em primatas não humanos (Macaca mulatta)

PURPOSE: Evaluate the anesthetic management in intrauterine surgery to induce myelomeningocele in non human primates Macaca mulatta. METHODS: A total of nine fetuses had intrauterine surgery; laminectomy was performed on them in L5 and L6. The studied variables were: maternal death, fetus death, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, arterial pressure, temperature, and oxygen saturation. RESULTS: No maternal or fetal deaths occurred; the only variable that was reported below the normal ranges was temperature. CONCLUSION: No maternal or fetal deaths occurred; the only variable that was reported below the normal ranges was temperature.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o manejo anestésico em cirurgia intra-uterina para induzir mielomeningocelo em primatas não humanos, Macaca mulatta. MÉTODOS: Operaram-se um total de nove fetos in útero que foram submetidos à laminectomia em L5 e L6. As variáveis a estudar foram mortes maternas ou fetais, freqüência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial, temperatura e saturação de oxigênio. RESULTADOS: Não se apresentaram mortes maternas ou fetais, a temperatura se manteve abaixo dos 36°C, não tendo repercussões no bem-estar dos macacos. CONCLUSÃO: Não ocorreu nenhum óbito materno ou fetal, sendo que a única variável abaixo do normal foi a temperatura.

Anesthetic management in intrauterine surgery to evaluate an experimental model of myelomeningocele in non human primates (Macaca mulatta).

PURPOSE: Evaluate the anesthetic management in intrauterine surgery to induce myelomeningocele in non human primates Macaca mulatta. METHODS: A total of nine fetuses had intrauterine surgery; laminectomy was performed on them in L5 and L6. The studied variables were: maternal death, fetus death, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, arterial pressure, temperature, and oxygen saturation. RESULTS: No maternal or fetal deaths occurred; the only variable that was reported below the normal ranges was temperature. CONCLUSION: No maternal or fetal deaths occurred; the only variable that was reported below the normal ranges was temperature.

[Development of an animal model of myelomeningocele and options for prenatal treatment in Macaca mulatta]. / Desarrollo de un modelo animal de mielomeningocele y opciones de tratamiento prenatal en Macaca mulatta.

BACKGROUND: Myelomeningocele is the most common congenital malformation of the central nervous system, with a reported incidence of 4.4-4.6 cases/10,000 live births in the U.S. Experimental studies demonstrated that the neurological deficit is not a cause for a primary defect in neurulation but is probably due to the progressive mechanical and chemical damage of amniotic liquid into the nerve tissue, which remained without protection during gestation. We undertook this study to develop an animal model in myelomeningocele in Macaca mulatta and compare the results of prenatal management between the colocations of an impermeable silicone mesh and closed with skin. METHODS: A total of nine macaques were surgically intervened, randomly assigned between 12 and 14 weeks of gestation. A laminectomy was carried out in a fetus with bone marrow exposure. The defect was closed with skin or mesh. Three fetuses were left completely exposed. Descriptive statistics were done by ANOVA. RESULTS: Of the four surviving fetuses (44%), none presented complications in mobility in the somatosensory evoked potential, hydrocephalus, or in sphincter control. Only one fetus developed bony deformities. The majority of time of the surgical procedure was due to the use of mesh and the least amount of time was involved in skin closing (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Macaca mulatta is an appropriate model for reproducing myelomeningocele and to evaluate the different options for prenatal management. Colocation of an impermeable silicone mesh is feasible, protecting the spine from amniotic liquid, with results similar to skin closure.

[Biosimulator training and its impact on skill in laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. / Entrenamiento en un biosimulador y su impacto sobre la destreza en colecistectomía laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this study to determinate the educational impact of training in an inanimate biosimulator in terms of effectiveness, time and complications in performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: We used a comparative, experimental cohort, prospective and longitudinal. Three first-postgraduate-year residents and one pre-grade internship physician were trained and assessed in basic laparoscopic skills using a biosimulator (fiberglass "dummy" where animal organs are introduced ex-vivo). The participants acted as their own control, performing a procedure to determine surgical time, complications and effectiveness. Later they observed a short video demonstrating the suitable development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The video defined the specific deviations from the ideal cholecystectomy, which were considered as errors. Every procedure was videotaped, beginning with the careful dissection of cystic structures and clipping them, continuing with the dissection of the gallbladder from the liver with the standardized method. Each participant performed ten procedures. RESULTS: There were no differences in baseline assessment of basic skills. All participants completed all proposed procedures. Surgical time was 61% faster at the end of the study (p<0.001), as well as demonstrating a lower rate of complications of 0.67% (p<0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Skills training in endoscopic surgery by means of an inanimate biosimulator is superior to traditional training because it decreases surgical time and surgical complications without ethical considerations and the effect of a learning curve in the operating room.

Entrenamiento en un biosimulador y su impacto sobre la destreza en colecistectomía laparoscópica / Biosimulator training and its impact on skill in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objetivo: determinar el impacto educacional del entrenamiento en un biosimulador inanimado en términos de efectividad, tiempo y complicaciones, respecto a la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Material y métodos: estudio comparativo, experimental de una cohorte, prospectivo y longitudinal. Tres médicos residentes de primer año de cirugía y un interno de pregrado, fueron entrenados y evaluados en habilidades laparoscópicas elementales mediante el empleo de un biosimulador (maniquí de fibra de vidrio en el que se introducen órganos de animales ex vivo). Los sujetos fueron su propio control: realizaron un procedimiento inicial en el que se determinó tiempo quirúrgico, complicaciones y efectividad. Posteriormente observaron un corto video que mostraba el desarrollo idóneo de la colecistectomía, y en el que se identificaban las desviaciones específicas del desempeño adecuado. Posteriormente cada sujeto realizó 10 procedimientos. Resultados: no existieron diferencias en la evaluación inicial de habilidades elementales. Los individuos completaron todos los procedimientos propuestos. Las disecciones de las estructuras císticas y de la vesícula biliar fueron 61 % más rápidas al finalizar el estudio (p < 0.001); la tasa de complicación fue de 0.67 % (p <0.009). Conclusión: el entrenamiento de habilidades en cirugía endoscópica por medio de un biosimulador inanimado es mejor que el entrenamiento tradicional, ya que disminuye el tiempo quirúrgico y las complicaciones en la sala de operaciones.

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this study to determinate the educational impact of training in an inanimate biosimulator in terms of effectiveness, time and complications in performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: We used a comparative, experimental cohort, prospective and longitudinal. Three first-postgraduate-year residents and one pre-grade internship physician were trained and assessed in basic laparoscopic skills using a biosimulator (fiberglass [quot ]dummy[quot ] where animal organs are introduced ex-vivo). The participants acted as their own control, performing a procedure to determine surgical time, complications and effectiveness. Later they observed a short video demonstrating the suitable development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The video defined the specific deviations from the ideal cholecystectomy, which were considered as errors. Every procedure was videotaped, beginning with the careful dissection of cystic structures and clipping them, continuing with the dissection of the gallbladder from the liver with the standardized method. Each participant performed ten procedures. RESULTS: There were no differences in baseline assessment of basic skills. All participants completed all proposed procedures. Surgical time was 61% faster at the end of the study (p<0.001), as well as demonstrating a lower rate of complications of 0.67% (p<0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Skills training in endoscopic surgery by means of an inanimate biosimulator is superior to traditional training because it decreases surgical time and surgical complications without ethical considerations and the effect of a learning curve in the operating room.